Arriaga, X. B., & Foshee, V. A. (2004). Adolescent dating violence. Do adolescents follow in their friends' or their parents' footsteps? Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 19, 162-184. (A modified version of Conflict Tactics Scale was administered on two occasions, 6 months apart, to 526 adolescents, whose median age was 13. Results reveal that 28% of girls reported perpetrating violence with their partners on occasion one, while 42% of girls reported perpetrating violence on occasion two. For boys, 11% reported perpetrating violence on occasion one, while 21% reported perpetrating violence on occasion two. In terms of victimization, 33% of girls, and 38% of boys reported being victims of partner aggression on occasion one and 47% of girls and 49% of boys reported victimization on occasion two.

Bookwala, J., Frieze, I. H., Smith, C., &Ryan, K. (1992). Predictors of dating violence: A multi variate analysis.Violence and Victims, 7, 297-311. (Used CTS with 305 college students and found that 133 women and 43 men experiencedviolence in a current or recent dating relationship. Authors reportsthat "women reported the expression of as much or more violence in theirrelationships as men." While most violence in relationships appearsto be mutual--36% reported by women, 38% by men-- women report initiatingviolence with non violent partners more frequentlythan men ).

Capaldi, D. M. & Owen, L. D. (2001). Physical aggression in a community sample of at-risk young couples: Gender comparisons for high frequency, injury, and fear. Journal of Family Psychology, 15(3), 425-440. Drawn from a community based at-risk sample, 159 young couples were assessed with the Conflict Tactics scale and measures of self reported injuries. Findings indicated that 9.4% of men and 13.2% of women perpetrated frequent physical aggression toward their partners. Contrary to expectations, 13% of men and 9% of women, indicated that they were physically injured at least once. Authors report "2% of the men and none of the women indicate that they had been hurt by their partners between five and nine times."

Goldberg, W. G., & Tomlanovich, M. C. (1984). Domestic violence victims in the emergency department. JAMA, 251,3259-3264. (A sample of 492 patients whosought treatment in an emergency department in a Detroit hospital weresurvey regarding their experience with domestic violence. Respondentswere mostly African-American (78%), city dwellers (90%), and unemployed(60%). Victims of domestic violence numbered 107 (22%). Whileresults indicate that 38% of victims were men and 62% were women this genderdifference did not reach statistical significance.

Gonzalez, D. M. (1997). Why females initiateviolence: A study examining the reasons behind assaults on men. Unpublishedmaster's thesis, California State University, Long Beach. (225 collegewomen participated in a survey which examined their past history and theirrationales for initiating aggression with male partners. Subjectsalso responded to 8 conflict scenarios which provided information regardingpossible reasons for the initiation of aggression. Results indicatethat 55% of the subjects admitted to initiating physical aggression towardtheir male partners at some point in their lives. The most commonreason was that aggression was a spontaneous reaction to frustration).

Headey, B., Scott, D., & de Vaus, D. (1999). Domestic violencein Australia: Are women and men equally violent? Data from the InternationalSocial Science Survey/ Australia 1996/97 was examined. A sample of1643 subjects (804 men, 839 women) responded to questions about their experiencewith domestic violence in the past 12 months. Results reveal that5.7% of men and 3.7% of women reported being victims of domestic assaults. With regard to injuries results reveal that women inflict serious injuriesat least as frequently as men. For example 1.8% of men and 1.2% ofwomen reported that their injuries required first aid, while 1.5%of men and 1.1% of women reported that their injuries needed treatmentby a doctor or nurse.

Maxfield, M. G. (1989). Circumstancesin supplementary homicide reports: Variety and validity. Criminology,27, 671-695. (Examines FBI homicide data from 1976 through 1985. Reports that 9,822 wives & common law wives were killed comparedto 7,433 husbands and common law husbands ).

Straus, M. A., & Ramirez, I. L. (2002, July). Gender symmetry in prevalence, severity, and chronicity of physical aggression against dating partners by university students in Mexico and USA. Paper presented at the XV World Meeting of the International Society for Research on Aggression, Montreal, Canada. Available at: http://pubpages.unh.edu/~mas2/ . (Reports findings from four samples of university students in Juarez, Mexico, El Paso and Lubbock, Texas, and New Hampshire. Subjects (N=1,554) responded to the revised Conflict Tactics Scale. Results indicate that there were no significant differences between males and females in either the overall prevalence of physical aggression or the prevalence of severe attacks. However, when only one partner was violent it was twice as likely to be the female than the male . Moreover, in terms of severe aggression females were twice as likely to be violent than men ).

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